High-level Function Implementation in a Simulator

• Modular addition implemented as a permutation

• Modular exponentiation and other periodic functions also implemented as permutations

• Quantum Discrete Fourier Transform implemented using classical FFT on the state amplitudes

• Other operations implemented directly on the state amplitudes

• Resulting quantum state is the same regardless of whether it is simulated at a low-level or high-level
  • Physical quantum system: measurement collapses system to one state

  • Simulation: can view all of the state amplitudes directly