NAME

read - read from standard input into shell variables

SYNOPSIS

read [-r] var...

DESCRIPTION

The read utility shall read a single logical line from standard input into one or more shell variables.

By default, unless the -r option is specified, <backslash> shall act as an escape character. An unescaped <backslash> shall preserve the literal value of the following character, with the exception of a <newline>. If a <newline> follows the <backslash>, the read utility shall interpret this as line continuation. The <backslash> and <newline> shall be removed before splitting the input into fields. All other unescaped <backslash> characters shall be removed after splitting the input into fields.

If standard input is a terminal device and the invoking shell is interactive, read shall prompt for a continuation line when it reads an input line ending with a <backslash> <newline>, unless the -r option is specified.

The terminating <newline> (if any) shall be removed from the input and the results shall be split into fields as in the shell for the results of parameter expansion (see Field Splitting); the first field shall be assigned to the first variable var, the second field to the second variable var, and so on. If there are fewer fields than there are var operands, the remaining vars shall be set to empty strings. If there are fewer vars than fields, the last var shall be set to a value comprising the following elements:

• The field that corresponds to the last var in the normal assignment sequence described above

• The delimiter(s) that follow the field corresponding to the last var

• The remaining fields and their delimiters, with trailing IFS white space ignored

The setting of variables specified by the var operands shall affect the current shell execution environment; see Shell Execution Environment. If it is called in a subshell or separate utility execution environment, such as one of the following:

(read foo)
nohup read ...
find . -exec read ... \;

it shall not affect the shell variables in the caller's environment.

OPTIONS

The read utility shall conform to XBD Utility Syntax Guidelines .

The following option is supported:

-r

Do not treat a <backslash> character in any special way. Consider each <backslash> to be part of the input line.

OPERANDS

The following operand shall be supported:

var

The name of an existing or nonexisting shell variable.

STDIN

The standard input shall be a text file.

INPUT FILES

None.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

The following environment variables shall affect the execution of read:

IFS

Determine the internal field separators used to delimit fields; see Shell Variables.

LANG

Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See XBD Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)

LC_ALL

If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.

LC_CTYPE

Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).

LC_MESSAGES

Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.

NLSPATH

^[XSI] Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

PS2

Provide the prompt string that an interactive shell shall write to standard error when a line ending with a <backslash> <newline> is read and the -r option was not specified.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

Default.

STDOUT

Not used.

STDERR

The standard error shall be used for diagnostic messages and prompts for continued input.

OUTPUT FILES

None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

None.

EXIT STATUS

The following exit values shall be returned:

 0

Successful completion.

>0

End-of-file was detected or an error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

Default.

APPLICATION USAGE

The -r option is included to enable read to subsume the purpose of the line utility, which is not included in POSIX.1-2017.

EXAMPLES

The following command:

while read -r xx yy
do
    printf "%s %s\n" "$yy" "$xx"
done < input_file

prints a file with the first field of each line moved to the end of the line.

RATIONALE

The read utility historically has been a shell built-in. It was separated off into its own utility to take advantage of the richer description of functionality introduced by this volume of POSIX.1-2017.

Since read affects the current shell execution environment, it is generally provided as a shell regular built-in. If it is called in a subshell or separate utility execution environment, such as one of the following:

(read foo)
nohup read ...
find . -exec read ... \;

it does not affect the shell variables in the environment of the caller.

Although the standard input is required to be a text file, and therefore will always end with a <newline> (unless it is an empty file), the processing of continuation lines when the -r option is not used can result in the input not ending with a <newline>. This occurs if the last line of the input file ends with a <backslash> <newline>. It is for this reason that ``if any'' is used in ``The terminating <newline> (if any) shall be removed from the input'' in the description. It is not a relaxation of the requirement for standard input to be a text file.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

None.

SEE ALSO

Shell Command Language

XBD Environment Variables, Utility Syntax Guidelines

CHANGE HISTORY

First released in Issue 2.

Issue 7

Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #194 is applied, clarifying the handling of the <backslash> escape character.

SD5-XCU-ERN-126 is applied, clarifying that input lines end with a <newline>.

The description of here-documents is removed from the read reference page.

POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 2, XCU/TC2-2008/0162 [958] is applied.